Aircraft landing gear

ABSTRACT

An aircraft landing gear having a shock absorbing strut and a shortening mechanism coupled between a walking beam and a shortening portion of a shock absorber. The shortening mechanism is arranged such that when the walking beam is at a first position due to a first extension state of the retraction actuator the shortening mechanism is in a locked condition in which it inhibits axial movement of the shortening portion within the strut element in the first direction axial direction, and as the retraction actuator changes in extension state from the first extension state towards a second extension state, the retraction actuator moves the walking beam which in turn causes the shortening mechanism to move the shortening portion within the strut element in the first axial direction to shorten the shock absorbing strut.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/639,245, filed on Jun. 30, 2017, which claims the benefit of andpriority to European Application EP16177652, filed on Jul. 1, 2016, thecontents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An aircraft landing gear bay is a space within an aircraft that isconfigured to accommodate a stowed landing gear. The landing gear mayhave been designed specifically for the aircraft.

It can be desirable for the main strut of a landing gear to be longerthan a standard landing gear main strut for a particular aircraft inorder to raise the aircraft higher to improve ground clearance. However,unless the landing gear bay is redesigned to accommodate the increase inlength, the landing gear must still be capable of retracting into theexisting space within the bay. Hence the landing gear is required toshorten on retraction.

Various means are known by which to shorten a landing gear onretraction. This can involve a dedicated shortening mechanism which mustbe attached to a structural part of the landing gear bay.

However, an aircraft landing gear bay structure may not have beendesigned for a shortening landing gear and therefore there may not be aregion that is sufficiently strong at which to attach a shorteningmechanism.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided anaircraft landing gear having a shock absorbing strut arranged to supportthe weight of an aircraft on the ground. The shock absorbing strutincludes: a hollow strut element having an open first end and a mountingconnector at a second end via which the strut element is arranged to bepivotally connected to the aircraft to define a strut pivot axis; and ashock absorber, the shock absorber including an outer cylinder and asliding tube, one of the outer cylinder and the sliding tube comprisinga shortening portion which is slidably mounted relative to the strutelement for axial movement relative to the strut element and the otherone of the outer cylinder and the sliding tube having a wheel assemblycoupling, the shock absorber including a mechanical linkage between theshortening portion and the other one of the outer cylinder and thesliding tube, the mechanical linkage being configured to engage theother one of the outer cylinder and the sliding tube when the shockabsorber is extended such that axial movement of the shortening portionwithin the strut element in a first axial direction towards the strutpivot axis causes the other one of the outer cylinder and the slidingtube to move towards the strut pivot axis to shorten the shock absorbingstrut. The landing gear also has: a retraction actuator pivotallycoupled at a first end to a lug on the strut element and pivotallyconnected at a second end to an actuator link, the actuator link havingan aircraft connector via which it is arranged to be pivotally coupledto the aircraft; an elongate beam pivotally coupled at a first end tothe second end of the retraction actuator and pivotally coupled to asecond lug on the strut element, and a shortening mechanism coupledbetween the elongate beam and shortening the portion of the shockabsorber. The shortening mechanism is arranged such that when theelongate beam is at a first position due to a first extension state ofthe retraction actuator the shortening mechanism is in a lockedcondition in which it inhibits axial movement of the shortening portionwithin the strut element in the first direction axial direction; and asthe retraction actuator changes in extension state from the firstextension state towards a second extension state, the retractionactuator moves the elongate beam which in turn causes the shorteningmechanism to move the shortening portion within the strut element in thefirst axial direction to shorten the shock absorbing strut.

Thus, the shortening mechanism is connected to the elongate ‘walking’beam, rather than requiring an attachment to the aircraft structuredirectly. A walking beam is conventionally provided for the purpose ofproviding mechanical advantage to a retraction actuator. The presentinventor has identified that in landing gear which include a walkingbeam, the walking beam is conveniently situated to be coupled to theshortening portion via a shortening linkage and the walking beam movesin a manner which causes it to sufficiently mimic a static attachmentpoint on the bay roof relative to the shock absorbing strut of landinggear. The landing gear is configured to move the shortening portion ofthe shock absorber from a first distance from the strut pivot axis to arelatively close second distance from the strut pivot axis.

When the shortening mechanism is in the locked condition it can bearranged in an over-center configuration in which it inhibits axialmovement of the shortening portion within the strut element in the firstdirection axial direction by reacting in compression. In this condition,a linkage of the shortening mechanism can be arranged to press againstan abutment on the landing gear to react applied load.

As the retraction actuator changes in extension state from the firstextension state towards a second extension state, the movement of theelongate beam can cause the shortening mechanism to pull the shorteningportion within the strut element in the first axial direction undertension to shorten the shock absorbing strut.

The axial distance between the first and second positions can be atleast 50 mm and preferably at least 80 mm and in some cases at least 100mm.

The shortening mechanism can be coupled between a pivot point at thesecond end of the elongate beam and a pivot point on the shorteningportion of the shock absorber.

The shortening linkage can be coupled to the elongate walking beam at anextension portion of the walking beam which projects beyond the strutelement lug pivot on the beam. This can provide a shorter path to theshortening potion.

The shortening mechanism can include a lever pivotally coupled at amidpoint to a third lug on the strut element, one end of the lever beingpivotally coupled to a drive link which in turn is pivotally coupled tothe second end of the elongate beam, the second end of the lever beingpivotally coupled to a shortening link which in turn is pivotallycoupled to the shortening portion of the shock absorber.

The lever can be of unitary construction, which can simplify assembly ofthe shortening mechanism and be lighter in weight relative to a two partlever.

The retraction actuator can comprise a linear actuator.

The aircraft landing gear can comprise a ‘capsule type’ shock absorberin which at least some of the shock absorber is located within the strutelement.

Alternatively, the outer cylinder of the shock absorber can define thestrut element.

The sliding tube can comprise a piston and rod assembly, the piston ofwhich is slidably coupled within the bore of the strut element for axialmovement within it, the rod of which extends from the open first end ofthe bore through a first bearing and seal assembly.

The shock absorber can comprise a shock absorber according to the secondaspect.

In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, there is provided ashock absorber having: an outer cylinder defining a bore that is open ata first end of the outer cylinder; a piston and rod assembly the pistonof which is slidably coupled within the bore of the outer cylinder foraxial movement within it, the rod of which extends from the open firstend of the bore through a first bearing and seal assembly; a diaphragmslidably coupled within the bore of the outer cylinder between thepiston and a second end of the outer cylinder, the diaphragm and/orinner wall of the outer cylinder being provided with one or more firstdynamic seals arranged such that the diaphragm can move between a firstposition and a second position while maintaining a fluid seal betweenthe diaphragm and the inner wall of the outer cylinder; a mechanicallinkage between the diaphragm and the piston and rod assembly thatlimits axial separation between them; and a shortening device arrangedto move the diaphragm between the first and second positions, whereinthe shock absorber is arranged such that with the diaphragm in the firstposition the mechanical linkage is positioned to permit extension andcontraction of the shock absorber and as the diaphragm is moved from thefirst position towards the second position by the shortening device withthe shock absorber fully extended the mechanical linkage pulls thepiston and rod assembly to shorten the shock absorber.

The outer diameter of the diaphragm can be equal to the outer diameterof the rod of the piston and rod assembly. This lead to the volume ofthe shock absorber remaining constant as the diaphragm moves.

The mechanical linkage can comprise an orifice support tube whichextends from the diaphragm into a hollow bore defined by the piston androd assembly, the orifice support tube including an outwardly projectingradial flange which engages with the piston to pull the piston and rodassembly to shorten the shock absorber.

The outer circumferential wall of the diaphragm can be provided with oneor more first dynamic seals arranged to act against the inner wall ofthe outer cylinder for sealing engagement with it as the diaphragmmoves.

The inner wall of the outer cylinder can be provided with one of morefirst dynamic seals arranged to act against the outer circumferentialwall of the diaphragm for sealing engagement with it as the diaphragmmoves.

The portion of the outer cylinder on the outside of the diaphragmrelative to the piston can be non-pressurized; for example, open toambient. This enables a shortening linkage such as those described withreference to the second aspect to be used to move the shorteningportion.

The shortening device as defined in the second aspect can comprise ashortening mechanism as defined in the first aspect.

In accordance with a third aspect of the invention, there is provided anaircraft landing gear including a main shock absorber strut including ashock absorber according to the second aspect.

In accordance with a fourth aspect of the invention, there is providedan aircraft comprising an aircraft landing gear according to the firstaspect or the third aspect.

In any embodiment, pivot points can be replaced by other types offlexible couplings that permit relative movement between parts whileholding them together.

These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparentfrom, and clarified with reference to, the embodiments described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way ofexample only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1a is a diagram of an aircraft landing gear according to anembodiment of the invention in a deployed condition;

Figure 1b is a diagram of the aircraft landing gear of FIG. 1 in aretracted condition;

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the motion of the drive link and leverin the aircraft landing gear of FIG. 1 during shortening;

FIGS. 3a to 3c are diagrams illustrating mechanisms that can be used inplace of the lever in the aircraft landing gear of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a shock absorber that can be used with theaircraft landing gear of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of another shock absorber that can be used with theaircraft landing gear of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of another shock absorber that can be used with theaircraft landing gear of FIG. 1; and

FIG. 7 is a diagram of another shock absorber that can be used with theaircraft landing gear of FIG. 1.

SPECIFICATION DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1a and 1b show part of an aircraft landing gear 10 with aretraction actuator 30 forming part of a ‘walking beam’ linkage toreduce actuator load at the expense of increasing stroke.

A shortening the mechanism 11 for shortening the length of the mainshock absorbing strut comprises a strut element or main fitting 12, inwhich a shock absorber 14 is able to slide axially. The shock absorber14 is also able to compress telescopically and carries an axle andwheels (not shown) at its lower end. The shortening mechanism 11 appliesthe principle of two over-center links (the shortening link 16 and thelower limb of the lever 18) pressing against an abutment 20 when thelanding gear is down to hold the top of the shock absorber assembly 14in the extended position.

In this embodiment the lever 18 is driven by an upper limb on theopposite side to the lower limb, although in principle the two limbscould be arranged with any angle between them, or could be spacedlaterally along the axis of pivot pin 22. The upper limb is driven by adrive link 24 which is attached to an extension 26 or other convenientpoint on the walking beam 28. The drive link 24 may be internally sprungsuch that it maintains a force to keep the shortening link 16 or lever18 against the abutment stop 20, or the resilience of the mechanism 11may be used to achieve a similar effect.

When the landing gear starts to retract a retraction actuator 30extends, and both pushes on the lugs on the main fitting pintle area 32and causes an actuator link 34 to swing around its aircraft attachmentpoint 36. However the actuator link 34 is restrained in its motion dueto its attachment to the walking beam 28, and the walking beam 28 isrestrained by its own attachment to the main fitting pintle area 32.Thus the combination of forces result in the retraction actuator 30being in compression and the walking beam 28 being in tension, and thetwo cooperate to apply a torque around the pintle axis to retract thelanding gear 10 in a known manner.

The present inventor has identified that the motion of the walking beam28, attached to the actuator link 34 at one end and the main fittingpintle arm 32 at the other, means that it moves relative to the mainfitting 12 in a manner that is suitable to provide an attachment pointfor the drive link 24. Thus, the motion of the walking beam 28 can beutilized to move the drive link 24, which rotates the lever 18, which inturn lifts the shock absorber 14 within the main fitting 12 to shortenthe landing gear, as shown in FIG. 2. This results in the landing gear10 being shortened as it moves to the stowed condition as illustrated inFIG. 1b .

In the illustrated example, the walking beam 28 is positioned at oradjacent to the area of intersection between the pintle axis and thelongitudinal axis of the shock absorber 14. However, where this is notthe case the case, the skilled person could modify the shorteninglinkage to reach the shock absorber.

FIGS. 3a to 3c illustrate some examples of other mechanisms which can beused instead of the lever arrangement described above. In FIG. 3a , ashortening link 16′ is aligned with an upper link 17′ to react movementof the shock absorber 14 in the first direction FD. A drive link 24′ canbe moved by a connection to the walking beam 28 to cause the shorteninglink 16′ to pivot relative to the upper link 17′ via pivot 22′ todisplace the shock absorber in the first direction FD. In FIG. 3b , theupper link 17″ can be in the form of a bell crank drive by rotation ofshaft 24″ through an appropriate connection to the walking beam to liftthe shortening link 16″ to lift the shock absorber 14. Likewise, in FIG.3c a v-shaped lever 17″ is cause to pivot about pivot 22″′ though aforce applied by drive link 24″' connected to the walking beam to liftthe shortening link 16″′ to lift the shock absorber 14.

While in the illustrated examples presented above the shorteningmechanism is coupled to the walking beam, in other embodiments theshortening mechanism can be coupled to other parts of the landing gear.For example, if there is an aircraft and/or landing gear configurationwhere the walking beam 28 is in an unsuitable position, or the preferredlocation is blocked by other equipment or structure, then the top of thedrive link 24 can alternatively be attached to the cross beam 38 insteadof the walking beam 28. The distance between the axes of the shockabsorber and the cross beam 38 can be accommodated by inclining thedrive link 24 or by rotating the pivot 22 hence the plane of theshortening mechanism around the shock absorber axis, or by a combinationof the two.

FIG. 4 shows a known type of shock absorber 14 that can be used with thelanding gear of Figures la and lb. As is common, the shock absorber 14consists of an outer cylinder, which can define the main fitting 12itself, and an inner piston which is often the sliding tube of thestrut. In embodiments where the shock absorber 14 is of the capsuletype, the telescopic shock absorber 14 has to slide within a distinctmain fitting 12. The illustrated shortening arrangement inverts theshock absorber 14 so that the outer cylinder acts as the sliding tubeand the inner piston is a separate tube, attached to the shortening link16, within the main fitting 12. It has the advantage of avoiding a needfor an orifice support tube inside the shock absorber 14. If the mainfitting 12 were to remain the same diameter as if it were anon-shortening gear then the outer cylinder would have to reduce to thediameter of the sliding tube, and the inner piston would be smallerdiameter (since it must slide within the sliding tube / outer cylinder).The static pressure of the shock absorber 14 is inversely proportionalto the cross sectional area of the inner piston, and thus the staticpressure would increase if the main fitting 12 stays the same diameter.It is undesirable for the static pressure to rise significantly; hencethe main fitting 12 would have to increase in diameter to allow theother shock absorber 14 parts to increase.

As shown in FIG. 5, an alternative embodiment mounts the outer cylinderof the shock absorber 14 so that it may slide within the main fitting12. There is now an additional cylinder between the main fitting 12 andthe inner piston, so again either static pressure must rise if the mainfitting 12 stays the same diameter or else the main fitting 12 diametermust increase.

Referring to FIG. 6, a shock absorber 50 according to an embodiment ofthe invention is shown. The shock absorber 50 can be used with thelanding gear of FIG. 1, or alternatively with other types of shorteningmechanism. The outer cylinder 52 can define a main fitting. An upperdiaphragm 54 is connected to the shortening link 56 and may slide withinthe main fitting 52. Thus, the upper diaphragm 54 forms the shorteningportion of the shock absorber. The sliding tube/inner piston 58 canremain the same diameter as for a non-shortening gear. The orificesupport tube 60, extending from the upper diaphragm 54, may include alower abutment 62 arranged be used as an out stop to prevent the slidingtube 58 from over extending from the shock absorber 50.

The arrangement in FIG. 6 shows a diaphragm 54 with one or more dynamicseals 54 a on its outside diameter, sliding in the bore 52 a of the mainfitting 52 in the manner of a piston. Thus, the sliding diameter D1 ofthe upper diaphragm 54 is the same as that D2 of the sliding tube 58(i.e. a reduced diameter section in the bore of the main fitting 52).This arrangement has an advantage that the distance between the top ofthe piston and rod assembly 58 and the underside of the diaphragm 54 orthe underside of the step in the main fitting bore need only accommodatethe normal shock absorber compressive suspension stroke. The shorteningstroke is contained within it. The volume of the shock absorber 50 willremain constant when the upper diaphragm 54 is moved by the shorteninglink 56.

It is recognized that replacement of the diaphragm 54 as shown in FIG. 6such as in order to replace the dynamic seal would require dismantlingof the shock absorber. An alternative arrangement 70 is shown in FIG. 7,where the diaphragm 74 passes through one or more dynamic seals 75 inthe main fitting bore 72 a in the manner of a rod. This has an advantagethat it places seals 75 on the outer component such that with dual sealsa worn or damaged seal may be bypassed and its function transferred tothe second seal by means of a manually operated external changeovervalve 80 in a known manner.

The arrangement shown in FIG. 7 has a disadvantage that since theoutside sealing diameter D3 of the diaphragm 74 must be the same as therod diameter D2 of the sliding tube/inner piston if the shock absorberis to remain constant volume when shortening, it follows that the insidediameter of the sliding tube/inner piston will not slide over theoutside sealing diameter of the diaphragm. Thus the lower portion of thediaphragm/orifice support tube component must be reduced in diameter D4,in the region of the normal shock absorber compressive suspensionstroke. Hence the total distance between the top of the piston and rodassembly and the underside of the step in the main fitting bore must beat least the sum of the normal shock absorber compressive suspensionstroke and the shortening travel. As a result of this, the total shockabsorber length of the arrangement in FIG. 7 can be greater than that ofthe arrangement in FIG. 6, resulting in an increase in weight.

Components of the aircraft landing gear and/or shock absorber strutsaccording to embodiments of the invention can be implemented fromconventional aerospace materials, such as titanium, aluminum and/orsteel for structural members, polymer or metal bearings etc.

It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustraterather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art willbe capable of designing many alternative embodiments without departingfrom the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Inthe claims, any reference signs placed in parenthesis shall not beconstrued as limiting the claims. The word “comprising” does not excludethe presence of elements or steps other than those listed in any claimor the specification as a whole. The singular reference of an elementdoes not exclude the plural reference of such elements and vice-versa.Parts of the invention may be implemented by means of hardwarecomprising several distinct elements. In a device claim enumeratingseveral parts, several of these parts may be embodied by one and thesame item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recitedin mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that acombination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An aircraft landing gear comprising: ashock absorbing strut arranged to support the weight of an aircraft onthe ground, the shock absorbing strut comprising: a hollow strut elementhaving an open first end and a mounting connector at a second end viawhich the strut element is arranged to be pivotally connected to theaircraft to define a strut pivot axis; and a shock absorber comprising afirst element and a second element, the first element comprising ashortening portion which is slidably mounted relative to the strutelement for axial movement relative to the strut element, the shockabsorber including a mechanical linkage between the shortening portionand the second element; a retraction actuator pivotally coupled betweenthe strut element and an actuator link, the actuator link having anaircraft connector via which it is arranged to be pivotally coupled tothe aircraft; a walking beam pivotally coupled to the retractionactuator and pivotally coupled to the strut element, and a shorteningmechanism coupled between the walking beam and the shortening portion ofthe shock absorber and being arranged such that: when the walking beamis at a first position due to a first extension state of the retractionactuator, the shortening mechanism is in a locked condition in which itinhibits axial movement of the shortening portion in the first axialdirection; and as the retraction actuator changes in extension statefrom the first extension state towards a second extension state, theretraction actuator moves the walking beam which in turn causes theshortening mechanism to move the shortening portion in the first axialdirection which in turn engages the mechanical linkage and causes thesecond element to move towards the strut pivot axis to shorten the shockabsorbing strut.
 2. The aircraft landing gear according to claim 1,wherein the shortening mechanism includes a lever pivotally coupled at amidpoint to a lug on the strut element, one end of the lever beingpivotally coupled to a drive link which in turn is pivotally coupled tothe second end of the walking beam, the second end of the lever beingpivotally coupled to a shortening link which in turn is pivotallycoupled to the shortening portion of the shock absorber.
 3. The aircraftlanding gear according to claim 2, wherein the lever is of unitaryconstruction.
 4. The aircraft landing gear according to claim 1, whereinthe shortening linkage is coupled to the walking beam at an extensionportion of the beam which projects beyond the pivot between the strutelement and the beam.
 5. The aircraft landing gear according to claim 1,wherein the shortening mechanism is arranged to shorten the shockabsorbing strut by at least 50 mm.
 6. The aircraft landing gearaccording to claim 1, wherein the shock absorber is distinct from thestrut element and at least some of the shock absorber is located withinthe strut element.
 7. The aircraft landing gear according to claim 1,wherein the outer cylinder of the shock absorber defines the strutelement.
 8. A shock absorber for an aircraft landing gear shockabsorbing strut, the shock absorber comprising: an outer cylinderdefining a bore that is open at a first end of the outer cylinder; apiston and rod assembly the piston of which is slidably coupled withinthe bore of the outer cylinder for axial movement within it, the rod ofwhich extends from the open first end of the bore through a firstbearing and seal assembly; a diaphragm slidably coupled within the boreof the outer cylinder between the piston and a second end of the outercylinder; a mechanical linkage between the diaphragm and the piston androd assembly that limits axial separation between them; a retractionactuator operatively connected to the outer cylinder; a walking beampivotally coupled to the outer cylinder and the retraction actuator; anda shortening device arranged to be coupled to a walking beam to move thediaphragm between first and second positions, wherein the shock absorberis arranged such that with the diaphragm in the first position themechanical linkage is positioned to permit extension and contraction ofthe shock absorber and as the diaphragm is moved from the first positiontowards the second position by the shortening device with the shockabsorber fully extended the mechanical linkage pulls the piston and rodassembly to shorten the shock absorber.
 9. The shock absorber accordingto claim 8, wherein the outer diameter of the diaphragm is equal to theouter diameter of the rod of the piston and rod assembly.
 10. The shockabsorber according to claim 8, wherein the mechanical linkage comprisesan orifice support tube which extends from the diaphragm into a hollowbore defined by the piston and rod assembly, the orifice support tubeincluding an outwardly projecting radial flange which engages with thepiston to pull the piston and rod assembly to shorten the shockabsorber.
 11. The shock absorber according to claim 8, wherein the outercircumferential wall of the diaphragm houses one or more first dynamicseals arranged to act against the inner wall of the outer cylinder forsealing engagement as the diaphragm moves.
 12. The shock absorberaccording to claim 8, wherein the inner wall of the outer cylinderhouses one or more first dynamic seals arranged to act against the outercircumferential wall of the diaphragm for sealing engagement as thediaphragm moves.
 13. The shock absorber according to claim 8, wherein aportion of the outer cylinder on the outside of the diaphragm relativeto the piston includes a port which is open to atmosphere.
 14. The shockabsorber according to claim 8, wherein the outer cylinder includes amounting connector at a second end via which it is arranged to bepivotally connected to an aircraft such that the outer cylinder of theshock absorber defines a strut element.
 15. The shock absorber accordingto claim 8, wherein the shock absorber is distinct from a hollow strutelement which includes a mounting connector at a second end via which itis arranged to be pivotally connected to an aircraft and at least someof the shock absorber is located within the strut element.